Resultados personales de muestra de ADN Mitochondrial

Mitochondrial DNA test results (Maternal-line)
Your test results for the range 15946 to 16569 and 1 to 617 are:
location
16111
16223
16290
16319
16362
16422
64
73
146
your sequence
T
T
T
A
C
C
T
G
C
reference
C
C
C
G
T
T
C
A
T
location
153
235
263
309.1
315.1
456
523
524
your sequence
G
G
G
C
C
T
--
--
reference
A
A
A
--
--
C
A
C
Understanding your DNA test results
Your sequence
We determine your mtDNA sequence for the most variable sites along your mtDNA (HVR1,2,3). These variable sites are the most informative for determining maternal line relationships.
Reference sequence
To avoid reporting results for hundreds to thousands of locations, it has become convention in the scientific community to only report differences from a reference sequence known as the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS).
Haplogroup prediction
Haplogroups are defined by a specific mutation or a series of mutations located along your mtDNA. Since we currently only test a subset of locations on your mtDNA we cannot directly test for haplogroup defining markers. Instead we predict your haplogroup based on mutations in your HVR sequence.Our haplogroup predictions are typically very reliable (>90% reliable) and we will continue to update and refine our predicting methods.
Subgroup predictions
Haplogroups diverge into more specific lineages which are also defined by particular mtDNA mutations. For example, haplogroup H splits into haplogroups H1-H21. You can find the location of your subclade on the mtDNA phylogenic tree by clicking here


mtDNA Haplogroup: A2
Subgroup: A2
Confidence: High
mtDNA Haplogroup A2 Summary
North and South America are the continents most recently colonized by modern humans. One migration model hypothesizes that around the end of the last Ice Age (about 25,000 years ago) a small number of hunter-gathers followed the migration patterns of large animals from North Asia into North America, crossing the Bering Strait ice bridge. This expansion occurred rapidly, and pushed into the warmer climates of Central and South America. Due to the harsh weather conditions and the ice cap that covered most of North America, it is likely that small groups of individuals remained scattered across present-day Alaska, then moved south in a second wave as climate conditions gradually improved.
The first four letters of the alphabet have been used to designate the four major Native American mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, and D), and later distinguished from their Asian counterparts by the addition of a number (A2, B2, C1, D1). These names refer to four founding lineages that are found in nearly all the North, Central and South American indigenous populations. A small number of rarer lineages have recently been identified, but their contribution to the overall modern Native American gene pool will likely remain minimal. However, the European conquest squeezed the entire Native American population through a genetic bottleneck, reducing Native American gene pools by 1/3 to 1/25 of their previous size. This dramatic change significantly reduced genetic variability, and has forever altered the genomics of surviving groups. Attempts to reconstruct the genomic structures of most New World groups have been met with several difficulties stemming from this lack of variability.
Genetic analysis from available Native American populations shows that the haplogroup coalescence times range between 16,000 to 22,000 years ago, consistent with the ice bridge hypothesis.
Native American Affiliation and Haplogroup TestingWhile an increasing number of DNA testing laboratories are offering Native American DNA testing for Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, it is important to note that these results are not currently recognized as sufficient proof to become a registered Native American. Additionally, due to the fact that each of the four major mtDNA haplogroups has been found across different tribal groups of North, Central, and South America, a Native American DNA test will not provide a specific tribal affiliation.
Famous Member of Native American HaplogroupsThe Ice Maiden "Juanita" of Peru was discovered on Mount Ampato, near Arequipa, Peru by Johann Reinhard in 1995. "Juanita", who lived about 500 years ago, was sacrificed in a religious ceremony around the age of 14. Scientists recovered the Ice Maiden's DNA and determined she belonged to the Native American haplogroup A2, and she was closely related to the Panamanian indigenous tribe of Ngobe.
References
Torroni A, Schurr TG, et al. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding Native American mtDNAs. Am. J. Human Genetics (1993)
Torroni A, Chen YS, et al. mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms in four Native American populations from southern Mexico. Am. J. Human Genetics (1994).
Bandelt HJ, Herrnstadt C, et al. Identification of Native American Founder mtDNAs Through the Analysis of Complete mtDNA Sequences: Some Caveats. Annals Human Genetics (2003)
Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, and Bandelt HJ Origin and evolution of native American mDNA variation: A reappraisal. Am. J. Human Genetics (1996)
Derenko MV, Grzybowski T, et al. Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia. Annals Human Genetics (2003)
Michael Crawford. The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics, Cambridge University Press (1998)
mtDNA Haplogroup: A2
Frequency Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup A2
This map shows the geographic distribution of haplogroup A2 as measured in various geographically and ethnically defined populations from around the world. The value displayed at any geographical location indicates the percentage of individuals at that location who belong to this Haplogroup.
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Mitochondrial DNA test results (Maternal-line)
Your test results for the range 15946 to 16569 and 1 to 617 are:
location
16111
16223
16290
16319
16362
16422
64
73
146
your sequence
T
T
T
A
C
C
T
G
C
reference
C
C
C
G
T
T
C
A
T
location
153
235
263
309.1
315.1
456
523
524
your sequence
G
G
G
C
C
T
--
--
reference
A
A
A
--
--
C
A
C
Understanding your DNA test results
Your sequence
We determine your mtDNA sequence for the most variable sites along your mtDNA (HVR1,2,3). These variable sites are the most informative for determining maternal line relationships.
Reference sequence
To avoid reporting results for hundreds to thousands of locations, it has become convention in the scientific community to only report differences from a reference sequence known as the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS).
Haplogroup prediction
Haplogroups are defined by a specific mutation or a series of mutations located along your mtDNA. Since we currently only test a subset of locations on your mtDNA we cannot directly test for haplogroup defining markers. Instead we predict your haplogroup based on mutations in your HVR sequence.Our haplogroup predictions are typically very reliable (>90% reliable) and we will continue to update and refine our predicting methods.
Subgroup predictions
Haplogroups diverge into more specific lineages which are also defined by particular mtDNA mutations. For example, haplogroup H splits into haplogroups H1-H21. You can find the location of your subclade on the mtDNA phylogenic tree by clicking here
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